1. Information
2. Internet
3. Religion
4. Ethical issues
5. Science
6. Politics & Social Issues
7. Conspiracy Theories
8. New Age Beliefs
9. Freedom of speech
10. Radicalization
11. Education

1. POST-TRUTH and FAKE NEWS

According to the English Oxford Dictionary a Post-Truth is a claim that does not take into consideration facts or evidence and appeals to emotional responses and personal beliefs of the subjects such claims are directed to. Post-truth approaches consider that conveying the truth is not important.

See also the concepts of Truth, Belief and Knowledge.

FACEBOOK tool: How to Spot Fake News

Facebook has introduced a new tool to help users spot fake news stories but not everybody has access and the tool is difficult to find. So we transcribed the information into this page from the link above:

The 10 tips for spotting fake news are:

1. Be skeptical of headlines. The headlines of fake news stories are often catchy, and contain lots of capital letters and exclamation marks. If claims in the headline sound unbelievable, they may well be.
2. Look closely at the URL. Many false news stories mimic authentic news sources by making small changes to the URL. You can go to the site to compare the URL to established sources.
3. Check the source. Ensure the story comes from a source with a reputation for accuracy. If the story comes from a site you have not heard of, check their "About" section to learn more.
4. Watch for unusual formatting. Many false news stories often contain spelling and grammar errors, as well as an awkward looking layout.
5. Check the photos. False news stories often contain manipulated images or videos. Sometimes the photo may be authentic, but taken out of context. You can do an internet search of the image to find out where it came from.
6. Check the dates. Fake news stories may contain timelines that make no sense, or event dates which are wrong or have been altered.
7. Check the evidence. Check the author's sources to confirm they are accurate. Lack of evidence, or a reliance on unnamed experts may indicate false news.
8. Look at other reports. If no other news source is reporting the same story, it could indicate that it is false.
9. Is the story a joke? Sometimes false news stories can be hard to distinguish from humourous articles. Check whether the source is known for parody, and whether the story's details and tone suggest it may be just for fun. [example]
10. Some stories are intentionally false. Think critically about the stories that you read, and only share articles which you know to be credible.

	For a good laugh see The Onion. Sometimes it is difficult to tell the difference :-)
	Breaking News: Some Bullshit Happening Somewhere Excruciating up-to-the-minute coverage of some irrelevant bullshit story that has no ramifications whatsoever. (The Onion)

2. ADVERTISING, PROPAGANDA, and RHETORIC

Advertising is the action of calling for attention. Usually the word is associated to the promotion of products for human consumption, but it is also used in other settings such as animal and huma ethology for exampl; peacocks advertise their quality as a mate by showing off their tails, some humans advertise their mating quality by driving expensive flashy cars.

Propaganda, in the most neutral sense, means to disseminate or promote particular ideas. Propaganda is a form of communication that attempts to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist.

Originally the word propaganda meant “planting ideas” and was quiet a positive notion. Teachers plant ideas in children’s minds for example.But with the rise of Nazism, the term got a negative connotation.

Rhetoric is the art or skill of speaking or writing formally and effectively especially as a way to persuade or influence people. It has little regard for the truth and evidence.

3. PERSUATION, INDOCTRINATION and MANIPULATION

• Persuation means to prevail on a person to do something, as by advising or urging. To induce to believe by appealing to reason or understanding.To convince. Persuation is NOT manipulation
• Manipulation means to manage or influence skilfully, especially in an unfair manner. This term usually refers to a malicious attempt to influence another person usually by the use of unethical tactics.
• Indoctrination consists og teaching someone to accept a set of beliefs without questioning them.

Both manipulation and indoctrination request unquestioned obedience. Persuation depends on the critical skills of teh receiver of the information and his willingness to comply. I a person is persuaded, she accepts a certain level of cumplicity.